Targeting Common Skin Concerns: A Guide to Effective Skincare Ingredients

Table of Contents

1. Key Highlights:
2. Introduction:
3. The Foundation of Skin Health: Understanding Your Skin Type
4. Battling Dryness: The Emollient Power of Squalane
5. Illuminating the Complexion: The Antioxidant Brilliance of Vitamin C
6. Clearing Breakouts: The Exfoliating Prowess of Salicylic Acid
7. Reversing Time's Footprint: The Regenerative Power of Retinol
8. Balancing Oil Production: The Versatility of Niacinamide
9. Holistic Skincare: Beyond Individual Ingredients
10. Conclusion: Crafting Your Skincare Journey
11. FAQ:

Key Highlights:

• Targeted Solutions for Diverse Skin Needs: Effective skincare addresses specific concerns such as dryness, dullness, acne, and signs of aging with specialized ingredients.
• The Power of Key Ingredients: Squalane, Vitamin C, Salicylic Acid, Retinol, and Niacinamide are highlighted as potent ingredients for their distinct benefits in addressing various skin issues.
• Holistic Skincare Approach: Achieving healthy skin involves understanding skin types and conditions, selecting appropriate products, and maintaining a consistent routine that balances hydration, protection, and treatment.

Introduction:

The quest for healthy, radiant skin is a journey many individuals embark upon, often encountering a range of common concerns along the way. From persistent dryness and an uneven complexion to troublesome breakouts and the subtle emergence of fine lines, skin issues can impact not only appearance but also comfort and confidence. While a plethora of products saturate the market, understanding the underlying mechanisms of these concerns and identifying the right active ingredients is paramount to achieving tangible, lasting results. This comprehensive guide delves into five prevalent skincare issues, examining their characteristics and, more importantly, pinpointing the key ingredients that offer effective solutions. By demystifying the science behind these formulations, individuals can make informed decisions, curating a skincare regimen that truly caters to their unique needs and fosters skin health.

The Foundation of Skin Health: Understanding Your Skin Type

Before delving into specific concerns and their treatments, recognizing that skin conditions often intertwine with inherent skin types is crucial. Dry skin, for instance, is not merely a transient condition but often a fundamental characteristic, much like having naturally oily or combination skin. Environmental factors, lifestyle choices, and even genetic predispositions can exacerbate these inherent traits, leading to uncomfortable symptoms. A comprehensive skincare approach begins with identifying your intrinsic skin type, which then informs the foundational elements of your routine—cleansing, moisturizing, and sun protection—before layering on targeted treatments for specific issues.

Battling Dryness: The Emollient Power of Squalane

Dry skin manifests as a lack of natural oils (sebum) in the skin, leading to a compromised skin barrier. This barrier, composed of lipids and skin cells, acts as the body's primary defense against external aggressors while simultaneously preventing transepidermal water loss. When this barrier is weakened, moisture escapes, resulting in a feeling of tightness, flakiness, roughness, and sometimes even scaling. This discomfort is particularly pronounced in colder, drier climates or during seasonal transitions.

Squalane emerges as a hero ingredient for individuals struggling with chronic dryness or temporary dehydration. Derived from squalene, a natural lipid produced by human skin, squalane is a hydrogenated, stable form that mimics the skin's natural moisturizing factors. Its biocompatibility makes it an exceptionally gentle yet effective emollient. Squalane works by forming a protective, non-greasy barrier on the skin's surface, effectively sealing in moisture and preventing evaporation. Unlike heavier oils, squalane is non-comedogenic, meaning it won't clog pores, making it suitable even for those with sensitive or acne-prone skin who experience dryness.

Mechanism of Action: Squalane functions primarily as an occlusive and emollient. As an occlusive, it creates a physical barrier that reduces water loss from the skin. As an emollient, it smooths and softens the skin by filling in the gaps between skin cells. This dual action helps to restore the skin's lipid barrier, making it more resilient and enhancing its natural ability to retain moisture. The result is skin that feels supple, comfortable, and deeply hydrated.

Product Spotlight:

• Dermalogica Stabilizing Repair Cream: This cream leverages squalane to deliver intense hydration and promote barrier repair. It is particularly beneficial for severely dry or compromised skin, helping to alleviate tightness and discomfort. The formulation often includes other nourishing ingredients that work synergistically with squalane to fortify the skin's protective layer against environmental stressors. Regular application helps to rebuild a healthier, more robust skin barrier, reducing susceptibility to dryness and irritation.
• Youth To The People Superberry Hydrate + Glow Dream Mask: This overnight mask, rich in squalane and a blend of antioxidant-rich superberries, provides a potent dose of hydration. It works while you sleep to replenish moisture, leaving the skin plump, dewy, and revitalized by morning. The mask's luxurious texture makes it a comforting treat for dehydrated skin, imparting a healthy, luminous glow.

The integration of squalane into a routine for dry skin offers a pathway to sustained hydration and improved barrier function, moving beyond temporary relief to long-term skin health.

Illuminating the Complexion: The Antioxidant Brilliance of Vitamin C

Dull and uneven skin tone can detract significantly from an otherwise healthy appearance. This common concern often stems from various factors, including sun damage, pollution exposure, post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation (dark spots left after acne or inflammation), and the natural aging process, which can slow down cell turnover. The result is skin that lacks luminosity, appearing tired and often exhibiting a patchy or discolored complexion.

Vitamin C, specifically L-ascorbic acid, stands out as a potent antioxidant and a cornerstone ingredient for brightening and evening out skin tone. Its multifaceted benefits extend beyond mere aesthetic improvement, contributing significantly to overall skin health.

Mechanism of Action:

1. Brightening and Hyperpigmentation Reduction: Vitamin C inhibits tyrosinase, an enzyme crucial for melanin production. By slowing down melanin synthesis, it effectively reduces the appearance of existing dark spots, sun spots, and post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation. Regular use leads to a more uniform complexion and a noticeable increase in skin radiance.
2. Collagen Synthesis: Vitamin C is essential for collagen production. It acts as a co-factor for enzymes involved in collagen synthesis, promoting the formation of new collagen fibers. This helps to improve skin elasticity and firmness, reducing the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles over time, contributing to a smoother skin texture.
3. Antioxidant Protection: As a powerful antioxidant, Vitamin C neutralizes free radicals generated by environmental stressors such as UV radiation and pollution. These free radicals can damage skin cells, leading to premature aging and hyperpigmentation. By scavenging free radicals, Vitamin C offers an essential layer of protection, complementing the effects of sunscreen. While it does not replace the need for sunscreen, it significantly enhances the skin's defense against oxidative stress and photo-aging.
4. Anti-inflammatory Properties: Vitamin C also exhibits anti-inflammatory properties, which can help soothe irritated skin and reduce redness, contributing to a more even and calm complexion.

Product Spotlight:

• SkinCeuticals C E Ferulic: Widely regarded as the "gold standard" in antioxidant serums, SkinCeuticals C E Ferulic combines 15% L-ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) with 1% Vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol) and 0.5% Ferulic Acid. This synergistic blend enhances the stability and efficacy of Vitamin C. Vitamin E regenerates Vitamin C, while Ferulic Acid stabilizes both vitamins and doubles their photoprotective benefits. This serum is lauded for its ability to significantly improve signs of aging, brighten complexion, and provide superior environmental protection against free radical damage.
• Loa Skin Botanical Recovery Mask: This mask is designed to work synergistically with Vitamin C, though its core formula might feature a botanical blend. The inclusion of nourishing botanical ingredients often provides additional antioxidants, anti-inflammatory properties, and hydration. When used in conjunction with a Vitamin C serum or as a Vitamin C-infused treatment, it supports the skin's natural recovery process, enhances luminosity, and provides a calming effect, making it an excellent complement for improving overall skin health and radiance.

When incorporating Vitamin C, starting with a lower concentration and gradually increasing it allows the skin to adapt, minimizing potential irritation. Consistent, daily application, especially in the morning, ensures maximum benefits and superior environmental protection.

Clearing Breakouts: The Exfoliating Prowess of Salicylic Acid

Acne and breakouts are among the most common and often distressing skin concerns, affecting individuals across various age groups, not just teenagers. The persistence of blemishes well into adulthood can be attributed to a complex interplay of factors including excess sebum production, clogged pores, bacterial proliferation (Propionibacterium acnes), inflammation, diet, stress, and hormonal fluctuations. Beyond the visible appearance, acne can cause discomfort, pain, and significantly impact self-esteem, necessitating effective and targeted solutions.

Salicylic acid (SA) stands out as a highly effective ingredient for managing acne-prone skin. As a beta hydroxy acid (BHA), it possesses a unique chemical structure that allows it to penetrate oil, distinguishing it from alpha hydroxy acids (AHAs) like glycolic acid, which are water-soluble. This oil-solubility enables salicylic acid to delve deep into the pores, addressing the root causes of breakouts.

Mechanism of Action:

1. Exfoliation within the Pores: Salicylic acid's primary mechanism is its ability to exfoliate within the pore lining. It dissolves the bonds between dead skin cells, facilitating their removal and preventing them from accumulating and clogging pores. This action is crucial for preventing blackheads and whiteheads, which are essentially clogged pores.
2. Sebum Regulation: By penetrating oily sebaceous glands, salicylic acid helps to regulate excess oil production. This reduces the greasy appearance often associated with acne-prone skin and creates an less favorable environment for acne-causing bacteria.
3. Anti-inflammatory Properties: Salicylic acid possesses inherent anti-inflammatory properties, which help to reduce the redness, swelling, and pain associated with inflamed acne lesions (papules, pustules, cysts). This dual action—clearing pores and calming inflammation—makes it particularly effective for treating existing breakouts and preventing new ones.
4. Antibacterial Action: While not a direct antibiotic, by reducing pore blockages and creating an acidic environment, salicylic acid can indirectly inhibit the growth of acne-causing bacteria.

Product Spotlight:

• Origins Out of Trouble 10-Minute Mask: This popular mask is formulated with salicylic acid, along with other ingredients like sulfur and zinc oxide, which are known for their acne-fighting and oil-absorbing properties. The mask targets existing breakouts by drawing out impurities, drying up excess oil, and calming inflamed skin in a short amount of time. Its soothing, minty finish provides immediate relief for irritated skin, making it a favorite for quick and effective blemish intervention.
• Blume Meltdown Acne Oil: This spot treatment utilizes salicylic acid alongside a blend of botanical and plant-powered oils. Unlike traditional drying spot treatments, Meltdown Acne Oil aims to treat blemishes while also nourishing the skin. The salicylic acid works to clear the pore, while accompanying botanical oils like black cumin seed oil and rosehip oil provide anti-inflammatory and healing benefits, preventing excessive dryness and promoting a healthier skin barrier. Its convenient format allows for targeted application, reducing the size and severity of pimples rapidly, either on its own or under makeup.

When incorporating salicylic acid, particularly for individuals new to the ingredient, it is advisable to start with lower concentrations and gradually increase frequency to minimize potential irritation or dryness. Consistent use is key for maintaining clear and balanced skin.

Reversing Time's Footprint: The Regenerative Power of Retinol

Fine lines and wrinkles are among the most prominent signs of skin aging, emerging as a natural consequence of biological processes and environmental exposure. As individuals age, the skin’s production of collagen and elastin, the essential proteins responsible for maintaining skin's firmness, elasticity, and youthful structure, naturally declines. Compounding this, cumulative sun exposure (photoaging), pollution, and lifestyle factors like smoking and poor diet accelerate the breakdown of existing collagen and hinder its repair. This leads to a loss of skin volume, decreased resilience, and the gradual formation of etched lines and wrinkles, particularly around the eyes, mouth, and forehead.

Vitamin A, commonly known as retinol (a derivative of vitamin A), has become a cornerstone in anti-aging skincare due to its unparalleled ability to address multiple signs of skin aging. Retinol functions by communicating with skin cells, encouraging them to behave like younger, healthier cells.

Mechanism of Action:

1. Accelerated Cell Turnover: Retinol speeds up the rate at which skin cells renew themselves. This increased cell turnover helps to shed dead, damaged skin cells more quickly, revealing fresher, smoother skin underneath. This process improves skin texture, reduces roughness, and helps to diminish the appearance of fine lines.
2. Collagen Production Boost: Retinol stimulates fibroblasts, the cells responsible for producing collagen and elastin, in the dermis (the deeper layer of the skin). By boosting collagen synthesis, it helps to fortify the skin's structural integrity, improving firmness and elasticity. This plumping effect reduces the depth of wrinkles and creates a smoother, more youthful complexion.
3. Hyperpigmentation Correction: Similar to Vitamin C, retinol can also help to fade hyperpigmentation, including sun spots and age spots, by accelerating the shedding of pigmented skin cells. This contributes to a more even and radiant skin tone.
4. Antioxidant Properties: Retinol also acts as an antioxidant, helping to neutralize free radicals that contribute to collagen degradation and premature aging.

Important Considerations for Retinol Use: Because of its powerful exfoliating and cell-communicating properties, retinol can initially cause some side effects, especially in new users. These may include redness, dryness, flaking, and sensitivity. It is crucial to:

• Start Slow: Begin with a low concentration and use it infrequently (e.g., 2-3 times a week) to allow the skin to acclimate. Gradually increase frequency and concentration as skin builds tolerance.
• Evening Use Only: Retinol increases skin's sensitivity to the sun, making it susceptible to photodamage. Therefore, it is strictly recommended for evening use.
• Daily Sunscreen: Non-negotiable daily use of broad-spectrum sunscreen with an SPF of 30 or higher is essential when using retinol to protect newly regenerated skin cells and prevent further sun damage.
• Hydration: Pair retinol with hydrating and nourishing ingredients to counteract potential dryness and support the skin barrier.

Product Spotlight:

• Asklepios Garden Prima Materia Phyto-Actif Facial Sérum: This serum is marketed as an ideal entry-point retinoid, often utilizing plant-based alternatives to synthetic retinol or naturally occurring retinoids like rosehip seed oil. Rosehip seed oil contains natural trans-retinoic acid, a gentle form of Vitamin A that encourages cell turnover and collagen production with minimal irritation. The serum's blend of rich oils provides additional hydration and moisture, making it suitable for those with sensitive skin or those new to retinoids, allowing them to experience the benefits of cell renewal without harsh side effects.
• SkinBetter AlphaRet Clearing Serum: This "cult classic" serum combines a retinoid with an alpha hydroxy acid (AHA) technology, delivering enhanced results with potentially less irritation than traditional retinoids. The patented AlphaRet technology merges a retinoid and an AHA in a single molecule, providing visible skin rejuvenation benefits like improved skin texture, reduced wrinkles, and enhanced firmness. This formulation is designed for more dedicated retinol users seeking potent anti-aging effects, with a focus on minimizing common retinoid side effects. Users often report visibly firmer skin and a more youthful appearance with consistent use.

The journey with retinol requires patience and consistency, but its scientifically proven ability to remodel skin from within makes it an invaluable asset in the fight against visible signs of aging.

Balancing Oil Production: The Versatility of Niacinamide

Excess oil production, also known as sebum overproduction, is a characteristic feature of oily and combination skin types. This imbalance can lead to a shiny complexion, enlarged pores, and a heightened susceptibility to acne breakouts due to clogged pores. While oily skin might seem robust, it can often be deceptive; sometimes, the skin overcompensates for a compromised or dehydrated barrier by producing more oil. This cycle emphasizes the need for products that can regulate sebum without stripping the skin of essential moisture.

Niacinamide, a form of Vitamin B3, is a versatile and highly beneficial ingredient for managing oily skin and improving overall skin health. Its ability to address multiple concerns simultaneously makes it a standout in many skincare formulations.

Mechanism of Action:

1. Sebum Regulation: Niacinamide plays a crucial role in regulating sebum production. It helps to normalize the activity of sebaceous glands, reducing the amount of oil secreted. This leads to a less greasy appearance, minimizes shine, and can contribute to the appearance of smaller, less congested pores.
2. Strengthening the Skin Barrier: One of niacinamide's most significant benefits is its ability to support the production of ceramides, which are vital lipids found naturally in the skin barrier. Ceramides are the "glue" that holds skin cells together, forming a protective shield that prevents moisture loss and safeguards against environmental irritants. By enhancing ceramide synthesis, niacinamide fortifies the skin barrier, locking in moisture and making the skin more resilient and less prone to dehydration, which can, paradoxically, trigger more oil production.
3. Anti-inflammatory Properties: Niacinamide has inherent anti-inflammatory properties, making it effective in calming redness and irritation often associated with breakouts and sensitive skin. This can help improve the overall tone and texture of the skin.
4. Minimizing Pore Appearance: While it doesn't physically shrink pores, by regulating sebum and improving skin elasticity, niacinamide can make enlarged pores appear smaller and less noticeable.
5. Addressing Hyperpigmentation: Similar to Vitamin C, niacinamide can also help reduce the appearance of post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation and other forms of discoloration by inhibiting the transfer of melanin from melanocytes to keratinocytes, leading to a more even skin tone.

Addressing the Oily Skin Paradox: A common misconception is that oily skin needs to be "dried out." This approach often backfires, as stripping the skin can trigger it to produce even more oil to compensate for the lost moisture. Niacinamide offers a balanced solution by addressing oiliness at its source while simultaneously supporting barrier health and hydration, breaking this vicious cycle.

Product Spotlight:

• Skinfix barrier+ Triple Lipid + Collagen Activating Serum: This serum is formulated with a powerful blend of ceramides, lipids, and niacinamide, making it an excellent choice for oily skin that might also be dehydrated or have a compromised barrier. The ceramides and lipids work to replenish the skin's natural barrier components, while niacinamide regulates oil production. The addition of peptides further supports skin health and elasticity. This product directly addresses the "dehydrated oily skin" paradox, providing balanced hydration and oil control, leading to a healthier, less reactive complexion.
• East 29th Vital Serum: The Vital Serum from East 29th focuses on leveraging niacinamide's effectiveness at balancing sebum levels. It often combines niacinamide with a blend of natural ingredients known for their calming, soothing, and balancing properties. This synergy helps to reduce excess shine, minimize pore appearance, and improve overall skin texture, delivering visible results without harshness. The emphasis on natural ingredients makes it a good option for those seeking a gentle yet effective approach to managing oily skin concerns.

Incorporating niacinamide into a daily skincare routine, particularly in serum form, can lead to significant improvements in oil control, pore appearance, and overall skin barrier function, fostering a healthier and more balanced complexion.

Holistic Skincare: Beyond Individual Ingredients

While targeted ingredients are powerful tools, effective skincare is rarely about a single product or quick fix. A holistic approach considers the interplay of various factors that influence skin health.

Layering and Synergy: Skincare ingredients often work best in synergy. For example, using Vitamin C in the morning under sunscreen provides enhanced antioxidant protection. Retinol, used at night, complements this by promoting cellular renewal while the skin repairs itself. Similarly, niacinamide can be paired with almost any other active ingredient, as its barrier-strengthening properties can help mitigate potential irritation from stronger actives like retinoids or AHAs/BHAs.

Lifestyle and External Factors: No amount of targeted skincare can fully compensate for neglecting fundamental health practices. Adequate hydration (drinking water), a balanced diet rich in antioxidants and healthy fats, consistent sun protection (wearing sunscreen daily, seeking shade, protective clothing), sufficient sleep, and stress management all contribute significantly to skin health. Environmental factors like pollution and harsh weather conditions also play a role, necessitating a flexible skincare routine that adapts to these external demands.

The Importance of Consistency: Skincare results are not instantaneous. Whether addressing acne, fine lines, or dullness, consistent application of appropriate products over weeks and months is crucial. The skin's natural regeneration cycles require time for new, healthier cells to emerge and for active ingredients to exert their full effects. Patience and dedication are as important as the products themselves.

Professional Guidance: For persistent or severe skin concerns, consulting a dermatologist or a qualified skincare professional is advisable. They can provide a personalized diagnosis, recommend prescription-strength treatments if necessary, and offer tailored advice that considers individual skin conditions, medical history, and potential sensitivities. They can also guide the safe and effective integration of potent ingredients into a routine.

Conclusion: Crafting Your Skincare Journey

Navigating the complex world of skincare can feel overwhelming, but by understanding the science behind common concerns and the efficacy of key ingredients, individuals are empowered to make informed choices. Whether it's squalane for dry skin, Vitamin C for radiance, salicylic acid for breakouts, retinol for aging signs, or niacinamide for oil control, each ingredient plays a distinct yet vital role. The journey to healthier skin is ongoing, marked by careful product selection, consistent application, and a mindful approach to lifestyle factors. Embracing this holistic perspective ensures that skincare becomes a ritual of self-care and a pathway to confidence, revealing skin that not only looks better but truly feels better too.

FAQ:

Q1: Can I use multiple active ingredients at once, like Salicylic Acid and Retinol? A1: While it is possible to use multiple active ingredients, it requires careful consideration and a gradual approach to avoid irritation. Salicylic acid and retinol are both potent exfoliants. Using them simultaneously, especially at high concentrations, can lead to excessive dryness, redness, and irritation. It is generally recommended to alternate their use (e.g., salicylic acid in the morning, retinol at night, or using them on different nights) or to start by incorporating one, allowing your skin to adjust, before slowly introducing the other. Consulting a dermatologist can provide personalized guidance on how to layer or alternate potent ingredients safely and effectively for your specific skin needs.

Q2: How long does it take to see results from these skincare ingredients? A2: The time frame for seeing results varies depending on the ingredient, the specific skin concern, and individual skin characteristics.

• Squalane & Niacinamide: Hydration and oil regulation benefits can often be felt within a few days to a couple of weeks, as the skin barrier starts to improve and sebum levels adjust.
• Salicylic Acid: Improvements in breakouts and pore congestion can often be seen within 2-4 weeks of consistent use, though severe acne may take longer.
• Vitamin C: Brightening effects and reduction in hyperpigmentation usually become noticeable after 4-8 weeks, as new, less pigmented skin cells rise to the surface. Collagen-boosting effects take longer, often 3-6 months.
• Retinol: Visible improvements in fine lines, wrinkles, and skin texture typically require consistent use for 3-6 months, with more significant changes appearing after 6-12 months as collagen production rebuilds. Patience and consistent application are crucial for all active ingredients to achieve their full benefits.

Q3: Are these ingredients suitable for sensitive skin? A3: Some of these ingredients can be challenging for sensitive skin, while others are generally well-tolerated.

• Squalane: Highly recommended for sensitive skin due to its biocompatibility and non-irritating, deeply hydrating properties.
• Niacinamide: Generally well-tolerated by sensitive skin and can even help strengthen the skin barrier, reducing sensitivity over time.
• Vitamin C: Can sometimes cause mild tingling or redness, especially in higher concentrations or with L-ascorbic acid. Sensitive skin types might prefer lower concentrations or more stable derivatives of Vitamin C.
• Salicylic Acid & Retinol: These are potent ingredients that can cause irritation, dryness, and redness, particularly when first introduced. For sensitive skin, it is crucial to start with very low concentrations, use them infrequently (e.g., once or twice a week), and patch test before applying to the entire face. Look for formulations designed for sensitive skin or those that combine these actives with soothing ingredients. Always consult with a dermatologist if you have highly reactive or sensitive skin.

Q4: Do I still need sunscreen if I use Vitamin C or Retinol? A4: Absolutely. Sunscreen is non-negotiable and essential for daily use, regardless of the other active ingredients in your routine.

• Vitamin C: While it provides antioxidant protection against free radical damage from UV rays, it does not act as a sunscreen. It complements sunscreen by offering an additional layer of defense.
• Retinol: Retinol can increase your skin's photosensitivity, making it more vulnerable to sun damage. Therefore, it is crucial to use a broad-spectrum sunscreen with an SPF of 30 or higher every morning when using retinol, even on cloudy days or indoors near windows. Sunscreen protects the newly regenerated skin cells and prevents new sun damage, which can undermine the benefits of your skincare routine.

Q5: What is the optimal order to apply these skincare products? A5: A general rule of thumb is to apply products from thinnest to thickest consistency, allowing each layer to absorb before applying the next. A typical routine could look like this: Morning:

1. Cleanser: Wash your face to remove impurities and prepare skin.
2. Vitamin C Serum: Apply a few drops to clean, dry skin. (For dullness, uneven tone, antioxidant protection).
3. Eye Cream (optional): Apply gently around the eyes.
4. Moisturizer (with Squalane or Niacinamide if desired): Hydrates and locks in serums.
5. Sunscreen: The final and most crucial step in your morning routine. Evening:
6. Cleanser: Double cleanse if wearing makeup or heavy sunscreen.
7. Targeted Treatment (e.g., Salicylic Acid or Retinol): Apply as per product instructions. If using both, alternate nights. For sensitive skin, apply moisturizer first (buffer method) or mix with moisturizer.
8. Eye Cream (optional): Apply gently around the eyes.
9. Moisturizer (with Squalane or Niacinamide if desired): Provides hydration and supports barrier repair overnight.

This order ensures that active ingredients penetrate effectively and that the skin remains hydrated and protected. Always follow specific product instructions as they may vary.